AMATEKA Y'IMIKORESHEREZE YA TUNGSTEN
Ibyavumbuwe mu ikoreshwa rya tungsten bishobora guhuzwa n’ibice bine: imiti, ibyuma n’ibirungo binini, filaments, na karubide.
1847: Umunyu wa tungsten ukoreshwa mu gukora ipamba y'amabara no gukora imyenda ikoreshwa mu ikinamico no mu bindi bikorwa bidashobora gushya.
1855: Uburyo bwa Bessemer bwaravumbuwe, butuma habaho gukora ibyuma byinshi. Muri icyo gihe, ibyuma bya mbere bya tungsten birimo gukorwa muri Otirishiya.
1895: Thomas Edison yakoze ubushakashatsi ku bushobozi bw'ibikoresho bwo gushyuha iyo bihuye n'imirasire ya X, maze asanga calcium tungstate ari yo ikora neza cyane.
1900: Ibyuma bikoresha umuvuduko mwinshi, uruvange rwihariye rw'ibyuma na tungsten, byamuritswe mu imurikagurisha mpuzamahanga ryabereye i Paris. Bikomeza gukomera kwabyo mu bushyuhe bwinshi, bikaba ari byiza gukoreshwa mu bikoresho no mu ikoranabuhanga.
1903: Uduce tw’amatara n’amatara ni byo byakoreshejwe bwa mbere na mbere mu gukoresha uburyo bwo gushonga cyane ndetse n’amashanyarazi. Ikibazo cyonyine ni ikihe? Igerageza rya mbere ryagaragaje ko tungsten idakomeye cyane ku buryo ikoreshwa cyane.
1909: William Coolidge n'ikipe ye muri General Electric muri Amerika bavumbuye uburyo bwo gukora imiyoboro ya tungsten ikoze mu buryo bwa ductile binyuze mu gutunganya ubushyuhe bukwiye no gukora imashini.
1911: Uburyo bwa Coolidge bwashyizwe mu bucuruzi, kandi mu gihe gito amatara ya tungsten yakwirakwiriye ku isi yose afite insinga za tungsten zikozwe mu buryo bwa ductile.
1913: Ibura rya diyama zo mu nganda mu Budage mu gihe cy'Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose ryatumye abashakashatsi bashaka ubundi buryo bwo gukurura diyama, bukoreshwa mu gukurura insinga.
1914: “Impuguke zimwe mu bya gisirikare by’ibihugu by’Ubumwe zari zizeye ko mu mezi atandatu Ubudage buzamara amasasu menshi. Ibihugu by’Ubumwe byahise bivumbura ko Ubudage bwari burimo kongera ikorwa ry’ibisasu kandi ko igihe runaka bwari bwarengeje umusaruro w’ibihugu by’Ubumwe. Impinduka zatewe n’uko bwakoresheje ibikoresho byo gukata by’icyuma cyihuta cyane na tungsten. Abongereza batangajwe cyane n’uko tungsten yakoreshejwe, nyuma yaje kuvumburwa, yaturutse ahanini mu birombe byabo bya Cornish muri Cornwall.” – Byavuye mu gitabo cya KC Li cyo mu 1947 cyitwa “TUNGSTEN”
1923: Isosiyete y’amashanyarazi yo mu Budage yatanze patenti ya tungsten carbide, cyangwa icyuma gikomeye. Yakozwe hakoreshejwe "simenti" ya tungsten monocarbide ikomeye cyane (WC) mu gice cy’icyuma gikomeye cya cobalt binyuze mu gushonga kw’amazi.
Ibisubizo byahinduye amateka ya tungsten: ibikoresho bihuza imbaraga nyinshi, gukomera no gukomera cyane. Mu by'ukuri, tungsten carbide irakomeye cyane, ibikoresho bisanzwe bishobora kuyisya ni diyama. (Karibine ni yo ikoreshwa cyane muri tungsten muri iki gihe.)
Mu myaka ya 1930: Havutse uburyo bushya bwo gukoresha ibinyabutabire bya tungsten mu nganda za peteroli mu gutunganya amavuta mabi.
1940: Hatangiye gukorwa superalloys zishingiye ku butare, nikeli, na kobalti, kugira ngo habeho ibikoresho bishobora kwihanganira ubushyuhe butangaje bwa moteri z’indege.
1942: Mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose, Abadage ni bo ba mbere bakoresheje umutwe wa tungsten carbide mu bikoresho byo gutobora intwaro byihuse cyane. Ibigega by'Abongereza byasaga nkaho "byashongeshejwe" iyo byakubitwaga n'ibyo bikoresho bya tungsten carbide.
1945: Ku mwaka, amatara ashyushye yagurishijwe miliyoni 795 ku mwaka muri Amerika
Mu myaka ya 1950: Muri iki gihe, tungsten irimo gushyirwamo superalloys kugira ngo inoze imikorere yayo.
Mu myaka ya 1960: Havutse katalisiti nshya zirimo tungsten zo kuvura imyuka isohora umwuka mu nganda za peteroli.
1964: Iterambere mu mikorere myiza no gukora amatara ashyushye ryagabanyije ikiguzi cyo gutanga urumuri ku rugero rwa mirongo itatu, ugereranije n'ikiguzi cyo gutangiza sisitemu y'amatara ya Edison.
2000: Kuri iyi ngingo, insinga z'amatara zigera kuri miliyari 20 zirakururwa buri mwaka, uburebure bungana n'inshuro 50 z'intera y'isi n'ukwezi. Amatara akoresha 4% na 5% by'umusaruro wose wa tungsten.
TUNGSTEN UYU MUNSI
Muri iki gihe, karubide ya tungsten irakwirakwiriye cyane, kandi ikoreshwa ryayo ririmo gukata ibyuma, gutunganya ibiti, pulasitiki, ibintu bivanze, n'ibibumbano byoroshye, gukora imashini zidafite imashini (zishyushye n'izikonje), gucukura amabuye, kubaka, gucukura amabuye, ibice by'inyubako, ibice byangiritse n'ibice bya gisirikare.
Ibyuma bya tungsten nabyo bikoreshwa mu gukora imiyoboro ya moteri za roketi, igomba kuba ifite ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira ubushyuhe. Ibyuma bya tungsten birimo tungsten bikoreshwa mu byuma bya turbine n'ibice byayo bidashobora kwangirika.
Ariko, muri icyo gihe, ingoma y'itara ry'amashanyarazi yarangiye nyuma y'imyaka 132, ubwo yatangiye gucika muri Amerika na Kanada.
Igihe cyo kohereza: 29 Nyakanga-2021
